LPG

LPG

LPG:Introduct of LPG


Liquefied rock oil gas or liquid rock oil gas (LPG or platter gas), additionally remarked as merely fuel or alkane, square measure ignitable mixtures of organic compound gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
Lpg

It is progressively more used as an aerosol propellants and a refrigerant substitutions chlorofluorocarbons in a trial to cut back injury to the layer.

When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it's typically remarked as autogas.

Varieties of LPG bought and sold  embody mixes that square measure principally fuel (C3H8), mostly butane (C4H10), and most typically, mixes as well as each fuel and alkane.

In the hemisphere winter, the mixes contain a lot of fuel, whereas in summer, they contain more butane.In the United States, mainly two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5.

These specifications square measure printed by the Gas Processors Association (GPA) and also the yank Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).

Propane/butane blends also are listed in these specifications.

Propylene, butylenes and numerous different hydrocarbons square measure sometimes additionally gift in little concentrations. HD-5 limits the quantity of gas that may be placed in LPG to five, associated is used as an auto gas specification.

A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is supplemental in order that leaks is detected simply. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. In the u. s., tetrahydrothiophene or amy  mercaptan also are approved odorants,though neither is presently being utilised.

LPG is ready by purification crude oil or "wet" fossil fuel, and is sort of entirely derived from fuel sources, being factory-made throughout the purification of crude oil (crude oil), or extracted from crude oil or fossil fuel streams as they emerge from the bottom.
Lpg


It was first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Selling, and also the 1st business product appeared in 1912. It presently provides regarding three-d of all energy consumed, and burns comparatively cleanly with no soot and really few sulfur emissions.

 As it may be a gas, it doesn't cause ground or pollution hazards, however it will cause pollution. LPG contains a typical specific hot worth of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade gasoline (gasoline).

However, its energy density per cubic measure of 26 MJ/L is under either that of gasoline or oil, as its density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline).

As its boiling purpose is below temperature, LPG can evaporate quickly at traditional temperatures and pressures and is sometimes provided in pressurized steel vessels.

They are generally stuffed to 80–85% of their capability to permit for thermal enlargement of the contained liquid. The magnitude relation between the volumes of the volatilized gas and also the liquefied gas varies betting on composition, pressure, and temperature, however is often around 250:1.

The pressure at that LPG becomes liquid, known as its pressure, likewise varies betting on composition and temperature; for instance, it's some 220 kilopascals (32 psi) for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F), and some 200 kilopascals (320 psi) for pure fuel at 55°C (131 °F).

LPG is heavier than air, unlike natural gas, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. There are two main dangers from this. The first may be a attainable explosion if the mixture of LPG associated air is at intervals the explosive limits and there's an ignition supply.

The second is suffocation because of LPG displacing air, inflicting a decrease in atomic number 8 concentration.
Lpg

A "full" LPG cylinder contains eighty fifth liquid, the indefinite quantity volume can contain vapour at a pressure that varies with temperature.
LPG

LPG:USE OF LPG


LPG has a very wide variety of uses, mainly used for cylinders across many different markets as an efficient fuel container in the agricultural, recreation, hospitality, industrial, construction, sailing and fishing sectors. It will function fuel for change of state, heating plant and to water heating and could be a notably efficient and economical thanks to heat off-grid homes.

Cooking


LPG is employed for change of state in several countries for economic reasons, for convenience or as a result of it's the popular fuel supply.

In India, nearly 8.9 million loads of LPG was consumed within the six months between Gregorian calendar month and September 2016 within the domestic sector, chiefly for change of state.
Lpg
Lpg gas cylinder

The number of domestic connections area unit 215 million (i.e., one connection for every six people) with a circulation of more than 350 million LPG cylinders.

Most of the LPG requirement is imported. Piped town gas provide in Republic of India isn't nonetheless developed on musical mode.

LPG is subsidized by the Indian government for domestic users.

 Increase in LPG costs has been a politically sensitive matter in Republic of India because it probably affects the center category option pattern.

LPG was once a customary change of state fuel in Hong Kong; but, the continued expansion of town gas to newer buildings has reduced LPG usage to less than 24% of residential units.
Lpg

 However, apart from electrical, induction, or infrared stoves, LPG-fueled stoves are the only type available in most suburban villages and many public housing estates.

LPG is that the most typical change of state fuel in Brazilian urban areas, being used in virtually all households, with the exception of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, which have a natural gas pipeline infrastructure.

 Since 2001, poor families receive a government grant ("Vale Gás") used completely for the acquisition of LPG. Since 2003, this grant is a component of the govt main financial aid program ("Bolsa Família").

 Also, since 2005 the national company Petrobras differentiates between LPG destined for change of state and LPG destined for different uses, active a cheaper price for the previous.

 This is a results of a directive from Brazilian central, however its death is presently being debated.

LPG is usually utilized in North America for domestic change of state and out of doors broil.

LPG:Convers to gasoline


LPG can be converted into alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional anti-knock properties and gives clean burning.

LPG: GLOBAL LPG PRODUCTION


Global LPG production reached over 292 million metric tons/yr in 2015, whereas world LPG consumption to over 284 mn t/yr. 62 of LPG is extracted from fossil fuel whereas the rest is created by the organic compound refineries from crude 400 and 40 yards of worldwide consumption is within the domestic sector. The USA is that the leading producer and businessperson of LPG

LPG: Comparison with natural gas


LPG consists primarily of gas and fuel, whereas gas consists of the lighter methane series and alkane series.

LPG, volatilised and at gas pressure, incorporates a higher hot worth (46 MJ/m 30.8 kWh/m3) than gas (methane) (38 MJ/m3 cherish 10.6 kWh/m3), which implies that LPG cannot merely be substituted for gas.

 In order to permit the utilization of identical burner controls and to produce for similar combustion characteristics, LPG can be mixed with air to produce a synthetic natural gas (SNG) that can be easily substituted.

 LPG/air combining ratios average 60/40, though this is widely variable based on the gases making up the LPG.

The method for determinative the blending ratios is by calculative the Wobbe index of the combo. Gases having identical Wobbe index area unit control to be interchangeable.

LPG-based SNG is used in emergency backup systems for many public, industrial and military installations, and many utilities use LPG peak shaving plants in times of high demand to make up shortages in gas provided to their distributions systems.

LPG-SNG installations also are used throughout initial facility introductions, when the distribution infrastructure is in place before gas supplies can be connected.

Developing markets in Asian country and China (among others) use LPG-SNG systems to make up client bases before increasing existing gas systems.
Lpg

LPG-based SNG or gas with localized storage and piping distribution network to the house holds for line of work to every cluster of 5000 domestic shoppers is planned beneath initial phase of city gas network system.

This would eliminate the walk LPG cylinders road transport that may be a reason behind traffic and safety hurdles in Indian cities.
Lpg
LPG pump

 These localized gas networks area unit with success in operation in Japan with practicableness to urge connected to wider networks in each villages and cities.

LPG:ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT


Commercially accessible LPG is presently derived chiefly from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.

The reaction also produces some carbon monoxide. LPG does, however, release less CO2 per unit of energy than does coal or oil. It emits 81% of the CO2 per kWh made by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid.

Mixture of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon per joule than gas however additional carbon per joule than gas.

LPG burns additional cleanly than higher mass hydrocarbons as a result of it releases fewer particulates.

single plate clutch

single plate clutch


It is the most common type of clutch used in motor vehicle. Basically it consists of one clutch plate, mounted on the spline of the clutch shaft.
single plate clutch

The flywheel is mounted or the engine crankshaft and rotates with it.

The pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel through the clutch spring and is free to slide on the clutch shaft when tie clutch pedal is operated.

When the clutch engaged, the clutch plate is gipped between the flywheel and the pressure plate.

The friction lining are on both side of the clutch plate.

For more knowledge:The jet engine


Due to the friction between the flywheel, clutch plate and pressure plate, the clutch plate revolves with the flywheel.

As the clutch plate revolves, the clutch shaft aso revolves. Clutch shaft is connected to transmission.

Thus, engine power is transmitted from the crank shaft to the clutch shaft.
single plate clutch

When the clutch pedal is pressed, the pressure plate move back against the force of he spring and the clutch plate becomes tree between the flywheel and the pressure plate.

Thus, the flywheel remains rotating as long as the engine is running and the clutch shaft speed reduced slowly and finally it stop rotating.

As soon as the clutch pedal is pressed, the clutch is said to be disengage Otherwise it remains engage due to the spring force

Realeted :  History of car


Single plate clutch: application


A popularly renowned application of clutch is in automotive vehicles wherever it's accustomed connect the engine and also the gear box.

Here the clutch allows to crank and begin the engine disengaging the transmission Disengage the transmission and alter the gear to change the force on the wheels.

Clutches also are used extensively in production machinery of every type.
single plate clutch


Single plate clutch, once drivers need to shift the gear or to prevent the vehicle.

He depress clutch pedal so that the fork pushed the forward and pushes the clutch bearing and finger.

The finger are pivoted so that they pulls the pressure plate back therefore the clutch plate will get free so the flywheel radiate but the clutch plate will not get rotate. This is the disengage position on clutch plate.


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The working of jet engine video

The working of jet engine.


This starting process normally uses an electric motor to spin the main turbine shaft.

The motor is bolted to the outside of the engine and uses a shaft and gears to connect to the main shaft. The electric motor spins the main shaft until there is enough air blowing through the compressor and the combustion chamber to light the engine.

The motor is bolted to the outside of the engine and uses a shaft and gears to connect to the main shaft. 

The electric motor spins the main shaft until there is enough air blowing through the compressor and the combustion chamber to light the engine.

Then you (sometimes) hear a pop and see smoke come out of the back of the engine. Then the engine spins up and starts producing thrust.


The working of jet engine in English.







The working of jet engine in Hindi.






If you want details about jet engine then click here




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History of cars

History of car

Adiabatic engine


jet engine

The jet engine


A jet engine is a type of reaction enginedischarging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion.

This broad definition includes airbreathing jet engines (turbojets, turbofans, ramjets, and pulse jets). In general, jet engines are combustion engines.


Jet engines power jet aircraft, cruise missilesand unmanned aerial vehicles. In the form of rocket engines they power fireworks, model rocketry, spaceflight, and military missiles.
Jet plane

Jet engines have propelled high speed cars, particularly drag racers, with the all-time record held by a rocket car. 

A turbofan powered car, ThrustSSC, currently holds the land speed record.

Jet engine designs are frequently modified for non-aircraft applications, as industrial gas turbines or marine powerplants. 

These are used in electrical power generation, for powering water, natural gas, or oil pumps, and providing propulsion for ships and locomotives. 

Industrial gas turbines can create up to 50,000 shaft horsepower. Many of these engines are derived from older military turbojets such as the Pratt & Whitney J57 and J75 models. 

There is also a derivative of the P&W JT8D low-bypass turbofan that creates up to 35,000 HP.

Jet engines are also sometimes developed into, or share certain components such as engine cores, with turboshaft and turbopropengines, which are forms of gas turbine engines that are typically used to power helicopters and some propeller-driven aircraft.

This starting process normally uses an electric motor to spin the main turbine shaft.
Jet engine line vector

The motor is bolted to the outside of the engine and uses a shaft and gears to connect to the main shaft. The electric motor spins the main shaft until there is enough air blowing through the compressor and the combustion chamber to light the engine.
Jet engine blue print

Fuel starts flowing and an igniter similar to a spark plug ignites the fuel. Then fuel flow is increased to spin the engine up to its operating speed.

If you have ever been at the airport and watched a big jet engine start up, you know that the blades start rotating slowly. The electric starter motor does that.
Jet engine diagram


Then you (sometimes) hear a pop and see smoke come out of the back of the engine. Then the engine spins up and starts producing thrust.


The working of jet engine video is here

The working of jet engine video


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History of car

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The solar vehicle

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How the break work?

How the break work?


You're driving along quite happily when, all of a sudden, a dog runs out into the road just in front of you.

 You have a split second to react to what's happened. When you stamp on the brakes, you confidently expect they'll bring you to a halt in time. 

How can you be so sure?
Because brakes use the power of science and thankfully, for the most part, science doesn't let us down!

Today’s vehicle braking systems involve many different components working together to help you to stop and manoeuvre your vehicle in a controlled manner.

The key components of your vehicle braking system include a master cylinder, servo, brake callipers, brake fluid and cylinders, disks, drums, pads and shoes. 

All the components are linked by a series of brake hoses and brake pipes 

The brake pedal is connected to the master cylinder located within the engine compartment. 

The cylinder is filled with brake fluid. When you push down the brake pedal, hydraulic pressure is created in the master cylinder, brake fluid is pressurised along a series of brake pipes and hoses to the hydraulically activated pistons in each wheel's hub assembly that force the friction material on your pads or shoes on to rotating parts, and that's what stops your car. 

There are two types of brake assembly commonly available – disc brakes and drum brakes. 


In addition, the majority of modern cars are fitted with ABS as standard.

How the disc brakes work.




How the drum breaks work.





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History Of The Automobile


History Of The Automobile



Unlike many other major inventions, the original idea of the automobile cannot be attributed to a single individual.

The idea certainly occurred long before it was first recorded in the Iliad, in which Homer (in Alexander Pope’s translation) states that Vulcan in a single day made 20 tricycles, which Leonardo da Vinci considered the idea of a self-propelled vehicle in the 15th century.

In 1760 a Swiss clergyman, J.H. Genevois, suggested mounting small windmills on a cartlike vehicle, their power to be used to wind springs that would move the road wheel.

Swiss clergyman
The swiss clergyman

Genevois’s idea probably derived from a windmill cart of about 1714. Two-masted wind carriages were running in the Netherlands in 1600, and a speed of 20 miles (30 km) per hour with a load of 28 passengers was claimed for at least one of them.

The first recorded suggestion of wind use was probably Robert Valturio’s unrealized plan (1472) for a cart powered by windmills geared to the wheels.

Other inventors considered the possibilities of clockwork. Probably in 1748 a carriage propelled by a large clockwork engine was demonstrated in Paris by the versatile inventor Jacques de Vaucanson.

The age of steam

Most historians agree that Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France was the constructor of the first true automobile.

Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
The Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot 

Cugnot’s vehicle was a huge, heavy, steam-powered tricycle, and his model of 1769 was said to have run for 20 minutes at 2.25 miles (3.6 km) per hour while carrying four people and to have recuperated sufficient steam power to move again after standing for 20 minutes.

First steam engine or tricycle
1769 CugnotIn 1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built a three-wheeled, steam-driven vehicle that is considered to be the first true automobile. Because of the heavy weight of the steam chamber in the front, it had a tendency to tip over when not hauling cannons, which was what it was designed to do.

Cugnot was an artillery officer, and the more or less steam-tight pistons of his engine were made possible by the invention of a drill that accurately machined cannon bores.

A replica of Cugnot’s second vehicle, partially original, is preserved in the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Paris.


Development of the gasoline car

Most authorities are inclined to honour Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler of Germany as the most important pioneer contributors to the gasoline-engine automobile.

Karl Benz or the invetor of Benz car
The Karl benz

Benz ran his first car in 1885, Daimler in 1886. Although there is no reason to believe that Benz had ever seen a motor vehicle before he made his own, he and Daimler had been preceded by Étienne Lenoir in France and Siegfried Marcus in Austria, in 1862 and 1864–65, respectively, but neither Lenoir nor Marcus had persisted.

Benz and Daimler did persist—indeed, to such purpose that their successor firm of Daimler AG can trace its origins as far back as 1885. Oddly, Benz and Daimler never met.

The four-stroke principle upon which most modern automobile engines work was discovered by a French engineer, Alphonse Beau de Rochas, in 1862, a year before Lenoir ran his car from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont.

The four-stroke cycle is often called the Otto cycle, after the German Nikolaus August Otto, who designed an engine on that principle in 1876.

De Rochas held prior patents, however, and litigation in the French courts upheld him. Lenoir’s engine omitted the compression stroke of the Otto cycle; fuel was drawn into the cylinder on the intake stroke and fired by a spark halfway on the next reciprocal stroke.

The idea for Marcus’s 1864–65 car apparently came to him by chance while he was considering the production of illumination by igniting a mixture of gasoline and air with a stream of sparks. The reaction was so violent that it occurred to him to use it as a power source.

His first vehicle was a handcart marrying a two-cycle engine geared to the rear wheels without any intervening clutch.

It was started by having a strong man lift the rear end while the wheels were spun, after which it ran for a distance of about 180 metres (about 200 yards).

Marcus’s second model, the 1888–89 car, was sturdy and sufficiently well-preserved to make a demonstration run in the streets of Vienna in 1950, and again in 1987, at a rate of almost 5 km (3 miles) per hour.
The first Long running car

In 1898 the Austrian Automobile Club arranged an exhibition of motorcars, and Marcus was a guest of honour.

Ironically, he denied interest in the idea of the automobile, calling it “a senseless waste of time and effort.”

Karl Benz

Karl Benz was completely dedicated to the proposition that the internal-combustion engine would supersede the horse and revolutionize the world’s transportation.

He persisted in his efforts to build a gasoline-fueled vehicle in the face of many obstacles, including lack of money to the point of poverty and the bitter objections of his associates, who considered him unbalanced on the subject.

Benz ran his first car, a three-wheeler powered by a two-cycle, one-cylinder engine, on a happy and triumphant day early in 1885.
The first car

The first Benz car


He circled a cinder track beside his small factory, his workmen running beside the car, his wife running too, clapping her hands; the little machine made four circuits of the track, stalling only twice before a broken chain stopped it.

Even Max Rose, Benz’s skeptical partner, whose money had made the car possible, conceded that he was mildly impressed; but, like Siegfried Marcus, he remained convinced to the end of his association with Benz that there was no future in the horseless carriage.

Benz made his first sale to a Parisian named Émile Roger in 1888.

Gradually, the soundness of his design and the quality and care that went into the material and the construction of his cars bore weight, and they sold well.

That year he was employing some 50 workmen to build the tricycle car; in 1893 he began to make a four-wheeler.

In his way, Benz was almost as dogmatic and reactionary as Marcus had been; he objected to redesign of his original cars, and some authorities believe that he was never really convinced that his original concepts had been improved upon.

Henry Ford and Clara Ford at Fair Lane in the 1896 Quadricycle, 1918.

The 1896 Quadricycle, the first automobile that Henry Ford built, came to symbolize all of the later success achieved by Mr. Ford and Ford Motor Company.